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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' awareness and capacity to make use of relational affordances as well as learner-internal elements, were important. For instance the RIs of TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their decision to avoid expressing criticism of a strict professor (see example 2). This article reviews all local practical research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on the practical core topics such as: Discourse Construction Tests The test for discourse completion (DCT) is widely used in pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages but it also has some drawbacks. The DCT for instance, is unable to account for cultural and individual differences. Furthermore, the DCT is prone to bias and may result in overgeneralizations. Therefore, it is important to analyze it carefully before it is used for research or for assessment purposes. Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool for investigating the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. Its ability to use two or more stages to manipulate social variables that affect politeness can be a strength. This can assist researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across cultural contexts, a key issue in cross-cultural pragmatics. In the field linguistics, DCT is one of the most effective tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to study a variety of issues that include politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choice. It can be used to evaluate the level of phonological sophistication in learners' speech. A recent study employed a DCT to evaluate EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were presented with a list of scenarios and asked to select an appropriate response from the choices provided. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing, including a questionnaire and video recordings. Researchers cautioned, however, that the DCT should be used with caution. They also suggested using other methods for data collection. DCTs can be designed using specific language requirements, like design and content. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test developers. They aren't always precise, and they could be misleading about the way ELF learners actually refuse requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for further studies of different methods of assessing refusal competence. In a recent research study, DCT responses to student requests via email were compared to the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT was more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and a lower use of hints than the email data did. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study investigated Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used a variety of experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs of intermediate or higher ability who responded to MQs and DCTs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal responses in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to defy native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their choices were influenced by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, as well as their relationships. These findings have implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching. First, the MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants' choices in terms of their pragmatics. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the choices with their linguistic performance using DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of resistance to pragmatics. In addition, the interviewees were asked to explain their choices of behavior in a particular situation. The results of the MQs and DCTs were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and z-tests. It was found that the CLKs frequently resorted to phrases like “sorry” and “thank you.” This could be due to their lack of experience with the target language, which resulted in an inadequate understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and L2 norms or to converge toward L1 differed based on the DCT situations. In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1- and L2-pragmatic norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms. The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one basis within a period of two days of the participants completing the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two coders from different companies. The coding process was an iterative process, in which the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of the coding process are compared with the original RI transcripts to determine how well they captured the underlying pragmatic behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) The most important issue in research on pragmatics is: why do some learners choose not to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research sought to answer this question by using several experimental tools, including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants were comprised of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. Then, they were invited to a RI where they were required to think about their responses to the DCT situations. The results showed that on average, the CLKs resisted native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could create patterns that resembled native ones. In addition, they were aware of their pragmatic resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing life histories. They also referred to external factors, like relational affordances. For instance, they discussed how their relationships with professors helped facilitate an easier performance in relation to the linguistic and intercultural standards of their university. The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures or consequences they might face in the event that their local social norms were violated. They were concerned that their native interlocutors might perceive them as “foreignersand consider them ignorant. This is similar to the one expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native-speakers pragmatic norms aren't the norm for Korean learners. They may remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. However, it is prudent for future researchers to reconsider their relevance in specific scenarios and in various contexts. This will enable them to better understand how different cultural environments may impact the pragmatic behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is an investigative technique that employs participant-centered, in-depth investigations to explore a specific subject. This method makes use of numerous sources of information, such as documents, interviews, and observations, to confirm its findings. This kind of research is useful when analyzing complicated or unique subjects that are difficult to measure with other methods. In a case study the first step is to clearly define the subject as well as the objectives of the study. This will help determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential for research and which can be omitted. It is also beneficial to read the literature to gain a better knowledge of the subject and place the case within a larger theoretical framework. This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its specific benchmarks for Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this experiment revealed that L2 Korean learners were extremely susceptible to the influence of native models. They tended to choose wrong answers, which were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency to include their own text or “garbage” to their responses. This also lowered the quality of their responses. The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had reached level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third year of university and were hoping to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, their pragmatic awareness and understanding knowledge of the world. Interviewees were presented with two scenarios that involved interaction with their interlocutors and asked to select one of the strategies below to use when making a demand. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. 프라그마틱 무료 of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. TS for instance stated that she was difficult to talk to and was hesitant to ask about the wellbeing of her colleague when they had a heavy work load despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.